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[[Category:Breast Growth]] | |||
While sex hormones create a blueprint for how cells should develop, there are other substances which are responsible for promoting the differentiation and proliferation of cells in breast tissue. | While sex hormones create a blueprint for how cells should develop, there are other substances which are responsible for promoting the differentiation and proliferation of cells in breast tissue. | ||
Revision as of 03:35, 27 November 2023
While sex hormones create a blueprint for how cells should develop, there are other substances which are responsible for promoting the differentiation and proliferation of cells in breast tissue.
Progesterone
Even though there is no good research directly measuring and showing increased size by using this hormone, that is partially explained by a lack of effective regimens and small sample size studies. Progesterone is a necessary part of normal breast development in cis women during puberty and has special receptors in breast tissue that respond to it.[1]
Trans women typically take 100-200mg of progesterone once daily, preferably as an anal suppository which significantly improves bioavailability.[2]
Ductal Branching
Estrogen and progesterone have some differential effects on parts of breast tissue like the ducts and lobules.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5488158/
https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/146/3/1170/2500345
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596764/
Relative Estrogen vs. Progesterone Levels
Some research shows that tissue growth is most affected during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle when estrogen levels are low and progesterone is high.[3]
Other studies show that E can have different effects on cells depending on if it's at a low or high level.
Estrone (E1)
Does not appear to have effect on breast growth
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34632510/
Insuling-like Growth Factor (IGF)
IGF is global and tissue-specific growth factor which promotes somatic cell growth and proliferation, including in breast tissue.
https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/136/3/1296/2497870
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005998832636
https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-015-0291-7
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10911-008-9103-7
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2999497/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026373513521
Increasing IGF
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2021.708421/full
https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jpah/17/5/article-p575.xml
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Affects some breast tissue cells as part of puberty and in pregnancy
https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(09)01228-X/fulltext
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1442-2042.1998.tb00367.x
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone (hCG)
Creates tertiary branching which is unique to it, binds to same receptor as LH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783498/
Prolactin
Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1018708704335
https://www.ejso.com/article/S0748-7983(00)90943-0/fulltext
https://erc.bioscientifica.com/configurable/content/journals$002ferc$002f6$002f3$002f10516853.xml?
Other factors
- Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
- Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs)
Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway: Involved in stem cell renewal and differentiation in the mammary gland.
Notch Signaling Pathway: Plays a role in cell differentiation and tissue development in the breast.